Generations of Computer

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Generations  Of  Computer  In  Modern  Era 

• Generations in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is / was being used.

• There are five generations of computer.













Vacuum Tubes Generation

• Vacuum tubes were used for first generations of the computer.
 
• The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as the basic components of CPU (central processing unit) memory and circuitry.

• These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were subject to frequent wiring meltdowns, so were very expensive and could only be afforded by very large organizations.
 
• These generations mainly used batch processing operating system

• In this generation computer used machine code as programming language.

• ENIAC (1946), UNIVAC 1 (1951) is an example of the first generation.
 


Main features of the first generation

• Very high costs

• Generates a lot of heat'

• Unreliable

• Slow input and output devices

• Huge size

• Only supports machine language


2.Transistor Generation (1959-1965s)

• Second generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making the machines smaller, faster and more reliable.
 
• In these generations, magnetic cores were used as primary storage and magnetic tapes and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.

• This generation assembly language and high level language like FORTAN, COBOL were used.
 
• Computers use batch and multiprogramming operating systems.

• - TRADIC (1959), TX-0 (1959) are examples.
 


The main features of the second generation

• Use of transistors

• Air conditioning required

• Faster than the first generation

• Smaller size compared to the first generation

• Consumes less energy

• Supports machine language and combinatorial language




3.

 
Generation of integrated circuits (1960s-1970s)

• Third generation computers introduced integrated circuits that combined multiple transistors on a single chip, further increasing speed and efficiency.
 
• One IC has many transistor resistors and capacitors as well as the related circuit.

• IC invented Jack Kilby

• This development made the computer smaller in size, reliable and efficient.
 
• This generation used a remote processing time-sharing multi-program operating system.

• For example, Apple I (1976), Altair 8800 (1975).
 
The main features of the third generation

• Costs are still high

• Hurry up

• Generates less heat

• More reliable than the previous two generations.

• Consumes less energy

• Requires AC power


4. Microprocessor Generation (1970s-1980)

 
• The fourth generation of computers were very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI) circuits.

• VLSI circuits, which contained about 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements and related circuits on a single chip, enabled the fourth generation of microcomputers.
 
• Fourth generation computers became more powerful, more compact, more reliable and more affordable.
 
This resulted in the personal computer (PC) revolution.
 
• In this generation, a time-sharing real-time network interference operating system is used.

• All high level languages ​​like C, C++ DBAS etc.
 
• Apple II (1977), IBM PC (1981) is an example.



The main features of the fourth generation



        • Use the computer
• No need to get in touch

• Treatment of pipeline

• portable and reliable.
 
• VLSI Computers are easily available in the market


5.
 
The rise of artificial intelligence (present-future)

• Fifth generation computers focus on artificial intelligence.
 
• robotics

• Neural networks

• Develop expert systems to make decisions in real situations

• Natural language understanding and generation.

• Alexa (2014), Google Assistant (2016), chat bots like me (2020s) are examples


Main features of the fifth generation


• VLSI technology

• Development of true artificial intelligence

• Development of natural language processing

• Advances in parallel processing

• More user-friendly 
• Offer powerful, compact computers at a cheaper price


NOTE: The years listed are approximate and represent the start of each generation and may overlap or be mixed up.


 
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